Members of the nuclear receptor family encoding FXR (NR1H4-farnesoid X-activated receptor) locus 12q: [
§§], share several structural features, a DNA-binding domain (DBD) within the gene locus for bile salt export pump (
BSEP), that targets the receptor to specific DNA sequences and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) serves as a molecular switch that recruits
coactivator proteins and activates the transcription of target genes when flipped into the active conformation by hormone binding ( FXR possesses the structural features of hormone receptors but lacks a known ligand) in response to wild-type and mutated
FIC1 (
ATP8B1-Progressive familial
intrahepatic cholestasis 1/pFIC1 a severe
liver disease.) expression constructs effect was lost after mutation in the, FXR forms a
heterodimeric complex signaling through the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (
SHP) with the retinoid X receptor, since expression of other
NR1I2/
NR1I3 prominent nuclear receptors were not altered. UGT2B4 gene messenger RNA protein induction by bile acids contributes to the
physiologic ligands'". While feedback regulation is provided by bile acids through FXR, it is regulated through feed-forward activation and contributes to a feed-forward reduction through
liver-X-receptor alpha of bile acid toxicity by bile salts export pumps protein genes by a naural ligand, the adrenal cortex expresses high levels of oxysterol (
HSD3B2) that FXR regulates as a intermediate pathway mediated by the liver X receptor and functions as ligand, for
liver X receptor (
LXR) and some natural product ligands for NHRs include genestein (estrogen receptors NR3A1 and NR3A2), guggulsterone, the effects of such agonists on other FXR expressing tissues should be considered. (
CYP7alpha), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acid, is stimulated by
oxysterol receptor (LXR) and the bile acid receptor, FXR, are the retinoid X receptor (
RXR) heterodimeric partners hepatic expression of Bsep,
Shp, and vitamin gene D3 and its (DBD) dispensable receptor (
VDR), which genetically signals the nuclear receptor
pregnane X receptor (
PXR) promoter regions of the human organic anion transport protein 2 (OATP2) and small heterodimer partner 1 (SHP1) genes that the LXR/RXR enhances our understanding of (
GW 4064) the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Pharmacologically targeted receptor agonists (or
antagonists) may be developed that alter cholesterol and bile salt concentrations. The oxysterols induce or repress transcription of the pathway's rate-limiting enzyme, CYP7A1 and mediates feed-forward induction which leads to transcription of SHP that leads to promoter-specific repression of both CYP7A1 and SHP (NR0B2) that lacks a DNA-binding domain by LRH1 (NR5A2).
Guggulsterone is a highly efficacious antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor, extracts of the resin of the
guggul tree (Commiphora mukul) plant sterol guggulsterone (4,17(20)-pregnadiene-3,16-dione) is the active agent in this extract GS can act as an antagonist ligand for farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and decrease expression of bile acid-activated genes,
Panax noto
ginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen root largely prevented the accumulation of abnormal lipid in the hyperlipidemic target [43] genes is implicated in maintenance of normal lipid levels induced by liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), it upregulated the expression of FXR and its
target gene SHP including
apolipoprotein Apo
CII. Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2) which contains histone H3, protein serves as a rate-limiting transcriptional
cointegrator of diverse transcription factors either to activate or to repress transcription through modular subdomains. Apolipoprotein AV (apoAV) gene is a key player consisting of an inverted repeat of two consensus receptor-binding hexads separated by
8 nucleotides (IR8), which was required and was identified by a highly conserved FXR response element (
inverted repeat,
IR-1) in the proximity of the kininogen promoter.
Members of the nuclear receptor family encoding FXR (NR1H4-farnesoid X-activated receptor) locus 12q: [§§], share several structural features, a DNA-binding domain (DBD) within the gene locus for bile salt export pump (BSEP), that targets the receptor to specific DNA sequences and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) serves as a molecular switch that recruits coactivator proteins and activates the transcription of target genes when flipped into the active conformation by hormone binding ( FXR possesses the structural features of hormone receptors but lacks a known ligand) in response to wild-type and mutated FIC1 (ATP8B1-Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1/pFIC1 a severe liver disease.) expression constructs effect was lost after mutation in the, FXR forms a heterodimeric complex signaling through the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) with the retinoid X receptor, since expression of other NR1I2/NR1I3 prominent nuclear receptors were not altered. UGT2B4 gene messenger RNA protein induction by bile acids contributes to the physiologic ligands'". While feedback regulation is provided by bile acids through FXR, it is regulated through feed-forward activation and contributes to a feed-forward reduction through liver-X-receptor alpha of bile acid toxicity by bile salts export pumps protein genes by a naural ligand, the adrenal cortex expresses high levels of oxysterol (HSD3B2) that FXR regulates as a intermediate pathway mediated by the liver X receptor and functions as ligand, for liver X receptor (LXR) and some natural product ligands for NHRs include genestein (estrogen receptors NR3A1 and NR3A2), guggulsterone, the effects of such agonists on other FXR expressing tissues should be considered. (CYP7alpha), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acid, is stimulated by oxysterol receptor (LXR) and the bile acid receptor, FXR, are the retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimeric partners hepatic expression of Bsep, Shp, and vitamin gene D3 and its (DBD) dispensable receptor (VDR), which genetically signals the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) promoter regions of the human organic anion transport protein 2 (OATP2) and small heterodimer partner 1 (SHP1) genes that the LXR/RXR enhances our understanding of (GW 4064) the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Pharmacologically targeted receptor agonists (or antagonists) may be developed that alter cholesterol and bile salt concentrations. The oxysterols induce or repress transcription of the pathway's rate-limiting enzyme, CYP7A1 and mediates feed-forward induction which leads to transcription of SHP that leads to promoter-specific repression of both CYP7A1 and SHP (NR0B2) that lacks a DNA-binding domain by LRH1 (NR5A2).
Guggulsterone is a highly efficacious antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor, extracts of the resin of the guggul tree (Commiphora mukul) plant sterol guggulsterone (4,17(20)-pregnadiene-3,16-dione) is the active agent in this extract GS can act as an antagonist ligand for farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and decrease expression of bile acid-activated genes, Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen root largely prevented the accumulation of abnormal lipid in the hyperlipidemic target [43] genes is implicated in maintenance of normal lipid levels induced by liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), it upregulated the expression of FXR and its target gene SHP including apolipoprotein ApoCII. Activating signal cointegrator-2 (ASC-2) which contains histone H3, protein serves as a rate-limiting transcriptional cointegrator of diverse transcription factors either to activate or to repress transcription through modular subdomains. Apolipoprotein AV (apoAV) gene is a key player consisting of an inverted repeat of two consensus receptor-binding hexads separated by 8 nucleotides (IR8), which was required and was identified by a highly conserved FXR response element (inverted repeat, IR-1) in the proximity of the kininogen promoter.
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